A. Kudriavtceva

MAE (Kunstkamera), RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia

E‑mail: kudriavtsevaa@mail.ru

“And it is God who has Appointed a Place of Rest for You of Your Houses, and He Has Appointed for You of the Skins of the Cattle Houses You Find Light on the Day that you Journey, and on the Day you Abide”

Abstract. Dwelling has been a most important part of the material tangible culture throughout the history of humanity. The variety of dwelling features and types is closely linked to the varied economic activity of the peoples living in certain ecological environments. The need for protection and comfort has always required maximum use of available means and technical solutions to organize and improve one's living space. Traditional dwellings acquired and preserved a symbolic role in providing a link to previous generations; it was associated with religious and legal practices and was endowed with properties that went far beyond utilitarian necessity. Researching the traditional types of dwelling in Arabia at the turn of the 6th — 7th centuries is an essential part of the Qur’anic ethnography. A lexical‑semantics analysis of the Qur’anic text allows to identify and classify the various types of dwelling constructions. The present paper aims to analyze the Qur’anic terms for stationary, temporary and movable dwellings. As for the latter, there is a peculiar type of tents made of animal skin that stands out, and there is no special term to identify them.

 Keywords: everyday life of Arabia in the times of prophet Muhammad, the Qur’anic ethnography, the language of the Qur’an, the terminology of the Qur’an, traditional types of dwellings, red leather tents, pre‑Islamic poetry

 Acknowledgment. The article was prepared as part of the research under the RFBR grant No. 18‑09‑00100 “The Qur’anic Ethnography 1. Material Culture of the Qur’an”.

 DOI: 10.31250/1238-5018-2019-25-2-9-18

 References 

• Abel, L. (deutscher und arabischer Commentar bearb.) (1891), Die Sieben Mu‘allakat: Text, vollständiges Wörterverzeichniss, Berlin: W. Spemann.
• Arazi, A., Masalha, S. (1990), Six Early Arab Poets: New Edition and Concordance, Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Asian and African Studies.
• Bell, R. (1939), The Qur’an. Translated, with a Critical Re‑Arrangement of the Surahs, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, vol. 2.
• Bienkowski, P. (1985), “New caves for old: Bedouin architecture in Petra”, World Archaeology, vol. 17, iss. 2, pp. 150—160.
• Bloom, J. M. & Blair, Sh. M. (eds.) (2009), The Grove Encyclopaedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, vol. 3.
• Bosworth, C. E. (transl., ann.) (1999), The History of al‑Tabari (Ta’rikh al‑rusul wa’l‑muluk). Vol. 5. The Sasanids, the Bysantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen, Albany, N. Y.: State University of New York Press.
• Brentjes, B. (1976), Ot Shanidara do Akkada [Von Schanidar bis Akkad. 7 Jahrtausende orientalische Weltgeschichte], N. N. Vodinkaja (transl. from German to Russian), I. S. Kacnel'son (ed.), Moscow: Nauka.
• Breton, J.‑F. (2003), Povsednevnaja zhizn' Aravii Schastlivoj vremjon caricy Savskoj VIII vek do n. je. — I vek n. je. [L'Arabie heureuse au temps de la reine de Saba. VIII‑e I‑er siècle av J.‑C.], F. F. Nesterov (transl. from French), Moscow: Molodaja gvardija.
• Brockelmann, C. (hrsg.) (1891), Die Gedichte des Lebîd, aus dem Nachlasse des Dr. A. Huber. Zweiter Teil, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
• Butler, H. C. (1909), Ancient Architecture in Syria. Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expedition to Syria. Leyden: E. J. Brill, vol. 2.
• Al‑Chālidī, J. (hrsg.) (1880), Diwan Labid al‑‘Amiri riwayat at‑Tusi [Der Diwan des Lebid], Wien: C. Gerold.
• Doughty, Ch. M. (1921), Travels in Arabia Deserta, in 2 vols., London; Boston: Philip Lee Warner / Jonathan Cape.
• Dzhandieri, M. I., Lezhava, G. I. (1976), Narodnaja bashennaja arhitektura [Folk Tower Architecture], Moscow: Strojizdat.
• Feilberg, C. G. (1944), La Tente noire: contribution ethnographique à l'histoire culturelle des nomads, København: Nationalmuseet skrifter.
• Finster, B. (2011), “Arabia in late antiquity: an outline of the cultural situation in the Peninsula at the time of Muhammad”, in: The Qur’ān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigation into the Qur’anic Milieu, A. Neuwirth, N. Sinai, M. Marx (eds.), Leiden; Boston: E. J. Brill, pp. 61—114.
• Gilliot, Cl. (2003), “Mosque of the Dissension”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an, J. D. McAuliffe (ed.), Leiden; Boston: Brill, vol. 3, pp. 438—440.
• Golovnev, A. V. (2017), “Arkticheskij jetnodizajn” [“Arctic Ethnodesign”], Ural'skij istoricheskij vestnik, No. 2 (55), pp. 6—15.
• Grabar, O. (2001), “Art and architecture and the Qur’an”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an, J. D. McAuliffe (ed.), Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, vol. 1, pp. 161—175.
• Grjaznevich, P. A. (1982), “Razvitie istoricheskogo soznanija arabov (VI—VIII vv.)” [“The development of historical consciousness of the Arabs (the 6th — 8th centuries)”], in: Ocherki istorii arabskoj kul'tury V—XV vv., Moscow: Nauka, pp. 75—155.
• Ibn Hishām (1990), Al‑sirat al‑nabawiyya [The Life of the Prophet], in 4 vols., Bayrut: Dar al‑kitab al‑‘arabi.
• Ibn Qotayba (1904), Liber poësis et poëtarum = Abu Muhammad ‘Abd Allah b. Muslim Ibn Qutayba, Kitab al‑shi‘r wa‑l‑shu‘аra’, M. E. de Goeje (ed.), Leiden: E. J. Brill.
• Iskandarov Sh. A. (2019), Ўзбекистон араблари этномаданий идентиклигининг шаклланиши ва трансформацияси: Фалсафа доктори (PhD) диссертацияси автореферати мундарижаси [Formation and Transformation of Ethnocultural Identity of Arabs of Uzbekistan], PhD abstract, Toshkent: Tashkent State Pedagogical University.
• Jad al‑Mawla Bek, M. A., ‘al‑Bajawi, ‘A. M, Abu al‑Fadl Ibrahim, M. (eds.) (1942), Ayyam al‑‘arab fi‑l‑jahiliyya [The Days [of the Battles] of the Arabs in the Times of Jahiliyya], Cairo: no publisher.
• Jeffery, A. (1938), The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’an, Baroda: Oriental Insititute.
• Khan, M. M. (transl.) (1997), The Translations of the Meanings of Sahih al‑Bukhari: Arabic‑English,in 6 vols., Riyadh: Darussalam.
• Kister, M. J. (1968), “Al‑Tahannuth: an inquiry into the meaning of a term”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 31, pp. 223—236.
• Kosegarten, J. G. L. (1854), The Hudsailian Poems Contained in the Manuscript of Leyden, London: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
• Kozhin, Iu. F. (1992), Tradicionnaja arkitektura Hadramauta: Jemenskaia Respublika [Traditional Architecture of Handramawt: The Republic of Yemen], PhD, St. Petersburg: Institut zhivopisi, skul'ptury i arhitektury.
• Krachkovskaja, V. A. (1947), “Istoricheskoe znachenie pamjatnikov juzhno‑arabskoj arhitektury” [“The historical importance of the South Arabia architectural monuments”], Soveckoe vostokovedenie, No. 4, pp. 105—128.
• Krachkovskij, I. Ju. (transl., comm.) (1963), Koran, V. I. Beljaev, P. A. Grjaznevich (pref.), Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoj literatury.
• Kudriavtseva, A. (2014) “‘And Thy Robes Purify!’ — Clothes (Libas) in the Qur’an”, Manuscripta Orientalia, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23—33.
• Lane, E. W. (1863), Arabic‑English Lexicon, London: Willams & Norgate.
• Lyall, Ch. J. (ed.) (1913), The Diwans of ‘Abid Ibn al‑Abras, of Asad, and ‘Amir Ibn at‑Tufail, of ‘Amir Ibn Sa‘sa‘ah, Leiden: E. J. Brill; London: Luzac & Co.
• Lyall, Ch. J. (ed.) (1918), The Mufaddaliyat. An Anthology of Ancient Arabian Odes, in 3 vols., Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Meri, J. W. (2002), The Cult of Saints Among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
• Musil, A. (1928), The Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouins, New York: American Geographical Society.
• Pietruschka, U. (2006), “Tent and tent pegs”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an, J. D. McAuliffe (ed.), Leiden; Boston: Brill, vol. 5, pp. 234—237.
• Piotrovskij, M. B. (1991), Koranicheskie skazanija [Qur’anic Legends], Moscow: Nauka.
• Rezvan E. (1984), “Аdam i banu Аdam v Korane” [“Adam and Banu Adam in the Qur’an”], in Islam. Religija, obshhestvo, gosudarstvo, Moskva: Nauka, pp. 59—68.
• Rezvan, E. (2019), “Vetkho‑ i novozavetnyj pantjeon v Korane: puti i istochniki formirovanija (po materialam jekspeditsionnogo vyezda 2017 goda v Iordaniju)” [“The Old and New Testament in the Qurʼān: evolution ways and sources (Based on a research trip to Jordan in 2017)], in: Ex Oriente lux: Sbornik statej k 75‑letiju Mihaila Borisovicha Piotrovskogo, St. Petersburg: Izdatel'stvo Gosudarstvennogo Jermitazha, pp. 214—233.
• Richardson, N., Dorr, M. (2003), The Craft Heritage of Oman, Dubai: Motivate Publishing.
• Rodionov, M. A. (1988), Golubaja busina na mednoj ladoni [Blue Bead on a Bronze Palm], Leningrad: Lenizdat.
• Sagadeev, A. V. (ed.) (1996), Musul'manskaja svjashhennaja istoriоa: ot Adama do Iisusa; rasskazy Korana o poslannikah Bozhiih[Muslim Sacred History: from Adam to Jesus; Qur’anic Stories About God's Messengers], T. K. Ibragim, N. V. Efremova (comp.), Moscow: Ladomir.
• Slukin, V. M. (1991), Arhitekturno‑istoricheskie podzemnye sooruzhenija (tipologija, funkcija, genezis) [Architectural and Historic Underground Constructions: Typology, Function, Genesis], Sverdlovsk: Izdatel'stvo Ural'skogo universiteta.
• al‑Sukkari, Abu Sa‘id (1965), Kitab sharh ash‘ār al‑Hudhayliyīn [Book of Explanation of the poems by the Hudhaylites], in 3 vols., M. M. Shakir & ‘A. A. Farraj (eds.), Cairo: Maktaba dar al‑‘uruba.
• al‑Tabari, Abu Ja‘far Muhammad b. Jarir (1881—1882), Ta’rikh al‑rusul wa‑l‑muluk[History of the Prophets and Kings], M. J. Goeje (ed.), Leiden: Lugduni Batavorum; E. J. Brill,. Series I. Part II.
• Taha, N. A. (ed.) (1958), Diwan al‑Hutay’a: bi‑sharh Ibn al‑Sakit wa‑l‑Sukkari wa‑l‑Sijistani, Cairo: Mustafa al‑Babi al‑Halabi.
• Tchalenko, G. (1958), Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord. Le Massif du Bélus à l'époque romaine (Institut français d'Archéologie de Beyrouth, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, L), Paris: P. Geuthner.
• Toral‑Niehof, I. (2013), “Late antique Iran and the Arabs: the case of al‑Hira”, Journal of Persianate Studies, vol. 6, pp. 115—126.
• Van Dam, С. (1997), The Urim and Thummim. A Means of Revelation in Ancient Israel, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
• Vaux, R. de. (1961), Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, J. McHugh (transl.), New York: McGrow‑Hill, vol. 2.
• Walker, J. (1931), Bible Characters in the Koran, Paisley: Alexander Gardner.
• Yahuda, A. S. (1948), “A contribution to Qur’an and Hadith interpretation”, in: Ignace Goldziher Memorial Volume, D. S. Löwinger & J. Somogyi (eds.),Budapest: Globus, vol. 1, pp. 280—308.

 Received by the Editorial Board: 07.06.2019